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The Myth of Machismo an Everyday Reality for Latin American Womenã¢â‚¬â St Thomas Law Review 15

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Social system with male dominion

"Manlike politics" redirects here. For the general concept of male person domination, run into Machismo.

Patriarchy is an institutionalized social system in which men dominate over others, but can also refer to authorization over women specifically; information technology tin likewise extend to a variety of manifestations in which men take social privileges over others to crusade exploitation or oppression, such every bit through male dominance of moral authority and control of holding.[1] [2] [3] Some patriarchal societies are also patrilineal, meaning that belongings and title are inherited past the male lineage.

Patriarchy is associated with a ready of ideas, a patriarchal credo that acts to explain and justify this authorisation and attributes information technology to inherent natural differences between men and women. Sociologists concur varied opinions on whether patriarchy is a social product or an outcome of innate differences betwixt the sexes. Sociobiologists have argued that the roots of inequality were set in humanity's earliest menses and are primarily due to genetic and reproductive differences between men and women. Aligned closely with evolutionary psychology, this theory posits that gender inequity is an inherent role of human social structures.

Social constructionists competition this argument, arguing that gender roles and gender inequity are instruments of power and have become social norms to maintain command over women. Constructionists would contend that sociobiological arguments serve to justify the oppression of women.[4]

Historically, patriarchy has manifested itself in the social, legal, political, religious, and economic organisation of a range of unlike cultures.[v] Almost gimmicky societies are, in do, patriarchal.[6] [7]

Etymology and usage [edit]

Patriarchy literally means "the rule of the father"[8] [nine] and comes from the Greek πατριάρχης (patriarkhēs),[10] [xi] "father or chief of a race",[12] which is a chemical compound of πατριά (patria), "lineage, descent, family unit, fatherland"[13] (from πατήρ patēr, "father")[fourteen] and ἀρχή (arkhē), "domination, authority, sovereignty".[15]

Historically, the term patriarchy has been used to refer to autocratic dominion by the male head of a family unit; however, since the late 20th century it has besides been used to refer to social systems in which ability is primarily held by adult men.[16] [17] [xviii] The term was especially used by writers associated with second-wave feminism such equally Kate Millett; these writers sought to use an understanding of patriarchal social relations to liberate women from male domination.[19] [20] This concept of patriarchy was developed to explain male authority as a social, rather than biological, phenomenon.[17]

History and scope [edit]

The sociologist Sylvia Walby defines patriarchy as "a organisation of social structures and practices in which men dominate, oppress, and exploit women".[one] Social stratification along gender lines, with power predominantly held past men, has been observed in most societies.[6] [17] [xviii]

Pre-history [edit]

Anthropological, archaeological and evolutionary psychological evidence suggests that well-nigh prehistoric societies were relatively egalitarian,[half dozen] and that patriarchal social structures did not develop until many years after the end of the Pleistocene epoch, following social and technological developments such as agriculture and domestication.[21] [22] [23] According to Robert M. Strozier, historical research has not yet establish a specific "initiating event".[24] Gerda Lerner asserts that there was no single issue, and documents that patriarchy as a social system arose in dissimilar parts of the world at different times.[25] Some scholars point to nigh six grand years ago (4000 BCE), when the concept of fatherhood took root, as the start of the spread of patriarchy.[26] [27]

Marxist theory, every bit articulated mainly by Friedrich Engels in The Origin of the Family, Private Belongings and the Country, assigns the origin of patriarchy to the emergence of private property, which has traditionally been controlled by men. In this view, men directed household production and sought to control women in order to ensure the passing of family belongings to their own (male) offspring, while women were express to household labor and producing children.[xvi] [19] [28] Lerner disputes this thought, arguing that patriarchy emerged before the development of class-based lodge and the concept of private property.[29] [ page needed ]

Domination past men of women is found in the Ancient Nearly Eastward as far back every bit 3100 BCE, as are restrictions on a adult female's reproductive capacity and exclusion from "the process of representing or the structure of history".[24] According to some researchers, with the appearance of the Hebrews, there is also "the exclusion of woman from the God-humanity covenant".[24] [25]

The archaeologist Marija Gimbutas argues that waves of kurgan-building invaders from the Ukrainian steppes into the early agricultural cultures of Old Europe in the Aegean, the Balkans and southern Italia instituted male hierarchies that led to the ascent of patriarchy in Western society.[30] Steven Taylor argues that the rising of patriarchal domination was associated with the appearance of socially stratified hierarchical polities, institutionalised violence and the separated individuated ego associated with a catamenia of climatic stress.[31]

Ancient history [edit]

A prominent Greek full general Meno, in the Platonic dialogue of the same name, sums up the prevailing sentiment in Classical Hellenic republic about the respective virtues of men and women. He says:[32]

Get-go of all, if y'all take the virtue of a human, it is easily stated that a human's virtue is this—that he be competent to manage the affairs of his metropolis, and to manage them and then as to do good his friends and harm his enemies, and to take care to avert suffering impairment himself. Or have a woman'southward virtue: in that location is no difficulty in describing information technology as the duty of ordering the house well, looking later the property indoors, and obeying her hubby.

—Meno, Plato in Twelve Volumes

The works of Aristotle portrayed women as morally, intellectually, and physically inferior to men; saw women every bit the belongings of men; claimed that women's part in club was to reproduce and to serve men in the household; and saw male domination of women as natural and virtuous.[33] [34] [35]

Gerda Lerner, author of The Cosmos of Patriarchy, states that Aristotle believed that women had colder blood than men, which made women non evolve into men, the sex activity that Aristotle believed to be perfect and superior. Maryanne Cline Horowitz stated that Aristotle believed that "soul contributes the form and model of creation". This implies that any imperfection that is caused in the globe must be caused by a woman because one cannot acquire an imperfection from perfection (which he perceived as male person). Aristotle had a hierarchical ruling construction in his theories. Lerner claims that through this patriarchal belief system, passed downward generation to generation, people have been conditioned to believe that men are superior to women. These symbols are benchmarks which children acquire about when they abound up, and the bike of patriarchy continues much past the Greeks.[36]

Egypt left no philosophical record, but Herodotus left a tape of his shock at the contrast between the roles of Egyptian women and the women of Athens. He observed that Egyptian women attended market and were employed in trade. In aboriginal Arab republic of egypt, middle-class women were eligible to sit down on a local tribunal, engage in real manor transactions, and inherit or bequeath holding. Women as well secured loans, and witnessed legal documents. Athenian women were denied such rights.[37]

Greek influence spread, notwithstanding, with the conquests of Alexander the Cracking, who was educated past Aristotle.[38]

During this time period in China, gender roles and patriarchy remained shaped past Confucianism. Adopted every bit the official religion in the Han dynasty, Confucianism has strong dictates regarding the behavior of women, declaring a woman'southward place in gild, besides as outlining virtuous beliefs.[39] Three Obediences and Four Virtues, a Confucian text, places a woman's value on her loyalty and obedience. It explains that an obedient woman is to obey their father earlier her marriage, her husband after matrimony, and her first son if widowed, and that a virtuous woman must exercise sexual propriety, proper speech, pocket-size appearance, and difficult work.[40] Ban Zhao, a Confucian disciple, writes in her book Precepts for Women, that a woman'south master business concern is to subordinate themselves earlier patriarchal figures such as a hubby or father, and that they need non concern themselves with intelligence or talent.[41] Ban Zhao is considered past some historians every bit an early on champion for women'due south educational activity in China, all the same her extensive writing on the value of a adult female'southward mediocrity and servile behavior leaves others feeling that this narrative is the result of a misplaced want to cast her in a gimmicky feminist lite.[42] Similarly to 3 Obediences and Iv Virtues, Precepts for Women was meant equally a moral guide for proper feminine behavior, and was widely accepted every bit such for centuries.[43]

Mail service-classical history [edit]

In China'southward Ming Dynasty, widowed women were expected to never remarry, and single women were expected to remain celibate for the duration of their lives.[44] Biographies of Exemplary Women, a book containing biographies of women who lived according to the Confucian ideals of virtuous womanhood, popularized an entire genre of similar writing during the Ming dynasty. Women who lived according to this Neo-Confucian platonic were historic in official documents, and some had structures erected in their award.[45]

In aboriginal Nihon, ability in society was more evenly distributed, particularly in the religious domain, where Shintoism worships the goddess Amaterasu, and ancient writings were replete with references to great priestesses and magicians. However, at the time contemporary with Constantine in the Due west, "the emperor of Nippon changed Japanese modes of worship", giving supremacy to male deities and suppressing female person spiritual power in what religious feminists have called a "patriarchal revolution."[46]

Modernistic history [edit]

Although many 16th and 17th century theorists agreed with Aristotle's views apropos the place of women in society, none of them tried to testify political obligation on the ground of the patriarchal family until sometime afterwards 1680. The patriarchal political theory is closely associated with Sir Robert Filmer. Old before 1653, Filmer completed a work entitled Patriarcha. However, it was not published until afterward his death. In it, he defended the divine correct of kings as having title inherited from Adam, the first man of the homo species, according to Judeo-Christian tradition.[47]

Nonetheless, in the latter half of the 18th century, clerical sentiments of patriarchy were meeting challenges from intellectual authorities – Diderot's Encyclopedia denies inheritance of paternal dominance stating, "... reason shows u.s. that mothers take rights and dominance equal to those of fathers; for the obligations imposed on children originate equally from the mother and the father, as both are equally responsible for bringing them into the world. Thus the positive laws of God that chronicle to the obedience of children join the male parent and the mother without any differentiation; both possess a kind of clout and jurisdiction over their children...."[48]

In the 19th century, various women began to question the commonly accepted patriarchal interpretation of Christian scripture. Quaker Sarah Grimké voiced skepticism nigh the ability of men to interpret and interpret passages relating to the roles of the sexes without bias. She proposed alternative translations and interpretations of passages relating to women, and she practical historical and cultural criticism to a number of verses, arguing that their admonitions applied to specific historical situations, and were not to be viewed every bit universal commands.[49]

Elizabeth Cady Stanton used Grimké's criticism of biblical sources to institute a basis for feminist thought. She published The Woman's Bible, which proposed a feminist reading of the Old and New Testament. This trend was enlarged by feminist theory, which denounced the patriarchal Judeo-Christian tradition.[50] In 2020 social theorist and theologian Elaine Storkey retold the stories of thirty biblical women in her book Women in a Patriarchal World and applied the challenges they faced to women today. Working from both the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, she analysed different variations of patriarchy, and outlined the paradox of Rahab, a prostitute in the Old Attestation who became a role-model in the New Testament Epistle of James, and Epistle to the Hebrews.[51] In his essay, A Judicial Patriarchy: Family Law at the Turn of the Century, Michael Grossberg coined the phrase judicial patriarchy stating that, "The approximate became the buffer betwixt the family and the state" and that, "Judicial patriarchs dominated family police because within these institutional and intraclass rivalries judges succeeded in protecting their ability over the law governing the hearth.[52] : 290–291

In China's Qing dynasty, laws governing morality, sexuality, and gender-relations continued to be based on Confucian teachings. Men and women were both subject field to strict laws regarding sexual behavior, all the same men were punished infrequently in comparison to women. Additionally, women'south penalization oftentimes carried strong social stigma, "rendering [women] unmarriageable", a stigma which did non follow men.[53] Similarly, in the People's Democracy of China, laws governing morality which were written every bit egalitarian were selectively enforced favoring men, permissively allowing female infanticide, while infanticide of any form was, by the letter of the constabulary, prohibited.[54]

FIGHT PATRIARCHY – a graffito in Turin

Feminist theory [edit]

Feminist theorists have written extensively nigh patriarchy either as a master crusade of women's oppression, or as part of an interactive system. Shulamith Firestone, a radical-libertarian feminist, defines patriarchy every bit a organization of oppression of women. Firestone believes that patriarchy is acquired past the biological inequalities betwixt women and men, e.g. that women bear children, while men do non. Firestone writes that patriarchal ideologies support the oppression of women and gives equally an example the joy of giving birth, which she labels a patriarchal myth. For Firestone, women must gain control over reproduction in society to be gratuitous from oppression.[25] Feminist historian Gerda Lerner believes that male control over women's sexuality and reproductive functions is a fundamental crusade and issue of patriarchy.[29] Alison Jaggar likewise understands patriarchy as the primary cause of women'south oppression. The organisation of patriarchy accomplishes this past alienating women from their bodies.

Interactive systems theorists Iris Marion Young and Heidi Hartmann believe that patriarchy and capitalism interact together to oppress women. Young, Hartmann, and other socialist and Marxist feminists use the terms patriarchal capitalism or backer patriarchy to describe the interactive relationship of commercialism and patriarchy in producing and reproducing the oppression of women.[55] According to Hartmann, the term patriarchy redirects the focus of oppression from the labour division to a moral and political responsibility liable directly to men every bit a gender. In its being both systematic and universal, therefore, the concept of patriarchy represents an adaptation of the Marxist concept of class and class struggle.[56]

Lindsey German represents an outlier in this regard. German argued for a need to redefine the origins and sources of the patriarchy, describing the mainstream theories equally providing "picayune understanding of how women's oppression and the nature of the family unit have changed historically. Nor is there much notion of how widely differing that oppression is from form to class."[57] Instead, the patriarchy is non the result of men'due south oppression of women or sexism per se, with men not even identified as the main beneficiaries of such a arrangement, just capital itself. Equally such, female person liberation needs to begin "with an assessment of the material position of women in capitalist society."[57] In that, German differs from Young or Hartmann by rejecting the notion ("eternal truth") that the patriarchy is at the root of female oppression.[57]

Audre Lorde, an African American feminist writer and theorist, believed that racism and patriarchy were intertwined systems of oppression.[55] Sara Ruddick, a philosopher who wrote about "good mothers" in the context of maternal ideals, describes the dilemma facing contemporary mothers who must train their children within a patriarchal organization. She asks whether a "practiced mother" trains her son to exist competitive, individualistic, and comfortable within the hierarchies of patriarchy, knowing that he may probable exist economically successful simply a hateful person, or whether she resists patriarchal ideologies and socializes her son to exist cooperative and communal but economically unsuccessful.[25]

Gerda Lerner, in her 1986 The Creation of Patriarchy, makes a series of arguments about the origins and reproduction of patriarchy every bit a arrangement of oppression of women, and concludes that patriarchy is socially constructed and seen as natural and invisible.[29]

Some feminist theorists believe that patriarchy is an unjust social system that is harmful to both men and women.[58] It often includes any social, political, or economical mechanism that evokes male authority over women. Considering patriarchy is a social construction, information technology can be overcome by revealing and critically analyzing its manifestations.[59]

Jaggar, Young, and Hartmann are among the feminist theorists who argue that the organisation of patriarchy should exist completely overturned, particularly the heteropatriarchal family unit, which they see every bit a necessary component of female oppression. The family not only serves as a representative of the greater culture by pushing its own affiliates to change and obey, merely performs as a component in the rule of the patriarchal state that rules its inhabitants with the head of the family.[60]

Many feminists (especially scholars and activists) have called for civilization repositioning as a method for deconstructing patriarchy. Civilization repositioning relates to civilization change. Information technology involves the reconstruction of the cultural concept of a society.[61] Prior to the widespread use of the term patriarchy, early feminists used male chauvinism and sexism to refer roughly to the aforementioned phenomenon.[62] Writer bong hooks argues that the new term identifies the ideological arrangement itself (that men claim potency and superiority to women) that can exist believed and acted upon by either men or women, whereas the earlier terms imply only men act as oppressors of women.[62]

Sociologist Joan Acker, analyzing the concept of patriarchy and the role that it has played in the development of feminist thought, says that seeing patriarchy as a "universal, trans-historical and trans-cultural phenomenon" where "women were everywhere oppressed by men in more than or less the same means […] tended toward a biological essentialism."[63]

Anna Pollert has described use of the term patriarchy as circular and conflating clarification and caption. She remarks the discourse on patriarchy creates a "theoretical impasse ... imposing a structural label on what it is supposed to explain" and therefore impoverishes the possibility of explaining gender inequalities.[64]

Biological theory [edit]

The testimonies of other primates (for instance, chimpanzees[65] [66]) about male sexual coercion and female resistance propose that sexual conflicts of interest underlying the patriarchy precede the emergence of the human species.[67] However, the extent of male power over females varies profoundly across different primate species.[67] Male compulsion of females is rarely, if ever, observed in bonobos, for instance,[67] and bonobos are widely considered to be matriarchal in their social construction.[68] [69]

There is also considerable variation in the office that gender plays in human societies, and in that location is no academic consensus on to what extent biology determines human social construction. The Encyclopædia Britannica states that "...many cultures bestow ability preferentially on one sex activity or the other...."[70] Some anthropologists, such as Floriana Ciccodicola, have argued that patriarchy is a cultural universal,[71] and the masculinities scholar David Buchbinder suggests that Roland Barthes' description of the term ex-nomination, i.e. patriarchy equally the 'norm' or common sense, is relevant.[72] [ clarification needed ] However, at that place do exist cultures that some anthropologists have described as matriarchal. Amongst the Mosuo (a tiny order in the Yunnan Province in Communist china), for instance, women exert greater power, authority, and control over decision-making.[73] Other societies are matrilinear or matrilocal, primarily amidst indigenous tribal groups.[74] Some hunter-gatherer groups, such as the !Kung of southern Africa,[half-dozen] have been characterized equally largely egalitarian.[23]

Some proponents[ who? ] of the biological determinist understanding of patriarchy argue that considering of man female person biology, women are more fit to perform roles such as anonymous kid-rearing at domicile, rather than high-contour controlling roles, such equally leaders in battles. Through this footing, "the existence of a sexual partition of labor in primitive societies is a starting point as much for purely social accounts of the origins of patriarchy as for biological."[75] : 157 [ verification needed ] Hence, the rise of patriarchy is recognized through this credible "sexual division".[75] [ verification needed ]

Patriarchy every bit a homo universal [edit]

An early theory in evolutionary psychology offered an explanation for the origin of patriarchy which starts with the view that females about always invest more than energy into producing offspring than males, and, therefore in most species females are a limiting factor over which males will compete. This is sometimes referred to as Bateman'due south principle. It suggests females place the nearly important preference on males who control more than resource that can help her and her offspring, which in plow causes an evolutionary pressure on males to be competitive with each other in order to proceeds resources and power.[76]

Some sociobiologists, such as Steven Goldberg, argue that social beliefs is primarily determined past genetics, and thus that patriarchy arises more than every bit a result of inherent biology than social conditioning. Goldberg contends that patriarchy is a universal characteristic of human being civilization. In 1973, Goldberg wrote, "The ethnographic studies of every gild that has ever been observed explicitly country that these feelings were present, at that place is literally no variation at all."[77] Goldberg has critics among anthropologists. Concerning Goldberg's claims well-nigh the "feelings of both men and women", Eleanor Leacock countered in 1974 that the data on women's attitudes are "sparse and contradictory", and that the data on male person attitudes about male–female relations are "ambiguous". Also, the effects of colonialism on the cultures represented in the studies were not considered.[78]

Anthropologist and psychologist Barbara Smuts argues that patriarchy evolved in humans through disharmonize between the reproductive interests of males and the reproductive interests of females. She lists vi ways that information technology emerged:[ further explanation needed ]

  1. a reduction in female allies
  2. elaboration of male-male person alliances
  3. increased male person control over resource
  4. increased hierarchy formation among men
  5. female strategies that reinforce male command over females
  6. the evolution of linguistic communication and its power to create credo.[67]

Sex hormones and social structure [edit]

Patriarchal and matriarchal social construction in primates may be mediated by sex activity hormones.[79] For case, bonobos, who showroom a matriarchal social structure, take lower testosterone levels in males compared to patriarchal chimpanzees.[79] Hormones have been declared the "central to the sexual universe" considering they are present in all animals and are the driving forcefulness in two critical developmental stages: sex-determination in the fetus, and puberty in the adolescent individual.[75] Testosterone and estrogen take been labeled the "male-hormone" and "female-hormone" respectively because of the role they play in masculinizing or feminizing the torso. They may too exist causally associated with psychological and behavioral differences amidst individuals, between the sexes, and among species. For case, testosterone is associated with ascendant and ambitious behavior, and with male person-typical sexual behavior.[80] [81] [82] Studies take besides found higher pre-natal testosterone or lower digit ratio to exist correlated with college assailment in human being males.[83] [84] [85] [86] [87]

In humans, patriarchal social structure may accept evolved due to intersexual pick (i.due east. female mate selection), or intrasexual selection (i.e. male-male contest).[88] [89] Physical features associated with testosterone, such equally facial pilus and lower voices, are sometimes used to gain a amend understanding of sexual pressures in the human evolutionary environment. These features may take appeared as a result of female mate pick, or considering of male person-male competition. Men with beards and depression voices are perceived equally more dominant, aggressive, and high-status compared to their cleanshaven college-voiced counterparts, meaning that men with facial hair and lower voices may be more than likely to attain a high status and increase their reproductive success.[88] [90] [89] [91]

Male person criminality [edit]

Male person crime has also been explored through a biological lens. Nearly crimes are committed by men.[92] [93] Sociologist/criminologist Lee Ellis put forrard an evolutionary explanation for male criminality known equally the evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory. The most barbarous criminals in the world had the about testosterone, compared with those who were serving sentences for more harmless crimes.[94] [95] [96] [ clarification needed ] Therefore, Ellis posits that the human male brain has evolved in such a way as to be competitive at the verge of adventure and gangsterism is an instance of an extreme form of male person beliefs.[97] [81] [82] [ clarification needed ] Psychologist and professor Marker van Vugt, from VU Academy at Amsterdam, Netherlands, has argued that human males have evolved more aggressive and group-oriented beliefs in society to proceeds access to resources, territories, mates and higher condition.[98] [99] His theory, the Male Warrior hypothesis, posits that males throughout hominid history have evolved to class coalitions or groups in lodge to engage in inter-group aggression and increase their chances of acquiring resources, mates and territory.[98] [100] Vugt argues that this evolved male person social dynamic explains the human history of war to modern-day gang rivalry.[98] [100]

[edit]

Sociologists tend to reject predominantly biological explanations of patriarchy[73] and contend that socialization processes are primarily responsible for establishing gender roles.[101] According to standard sociological theory, patriarchy is the result of sociological constructions that are passed downward from generation to generation.[102] These constructions are nearly pronounced in societies with traditional cultures and less economical development.[103] Fifty-fifty in modern, developed societies, even so, gender messages conveyed by family, mass media, and other institutions largely favor males having a ascendant status.[101]

Although patriarchy exists within the scientific temper,[ clarification needed ] "the periods over which women would take been at a physiological disadvantage in participation in hunting through being at a late stage of pregnancy or early stage of child-rearing would have been short",[75] : 157 during the time of the nomads, patriarchy nonetheless grew with ability. Lewontin and others argue that such biological determinism unjustly limits women. In his report, he states women comport a certain style not because they are biologically inclined to, but rather considering they are judged by "how well they adapt to the stereotypical local epitome of femininity".[75] : 137

Feminists[ who? ] believe that people have gendered biases, which are perpetuated and enforced across generations by those who benefit from them.[75] For instance, it has historically been claimed that women cannot make rational decisions during their menstrual periods. This claim cloaks the fact that men also have periods of time where they can be ambitious and irrational; furthermore, unrelated effects of aging and similar medical problems are often blamed on menopause, amplifying its reputation.[104] These biological traits and others specific to women, such every bit their ability to get significant, are often used against them as an attribute of weakness.[75] [104]

Sociologist Sylvia Walby has composed six overlapping structures that define patriarchy and that take dissimilar forms in different cultures and unlike times:

  1. The household: women are more likely to have their labor expropriated by their husbands such as through housework and raising children
  2. Paid work: women are likely to be paid less and face exclusion from paid work
  3. The land: women are unlikely to have formal ability and representation
  4. Violence: women are more prone to being abused
  5. Sexuality: women's sexuality is more likely to exist treated negatively
  6. Culture: representation of women in media, and pop civilization is "within a patriarchal gaze".[one]

The idea that patriarchy is natural has, nevertheless, come under attack from many sociologists, explaining that patriarchy evolved due to historical, rather than biological, conditions. In technologically simple societies, men's greater concrete strength and women's common experience of pregnancy combined to sustain patriarchy.[75] Gradually, technological advances, especially industrial machinery, diminished the primacy of physical strength in everyday life. Similarly, contraception has given women control over their reproductive cycle.[105] [ relevance questioned ]

Psychoanalytic theories [edit]

While the term patriarchy often refers to male domination generally, some other interpretation sees information technology as literally "rule of the begetter".[106] So some people[ who? ] believe patriarchy does non refer merely to of male person power over women, but the expression of power dependent on historic period also as gender, such every bit by older men over women, children, and younger men. Some of these younger men may inherit and therefore have a pale in continuing these conventions. Others may insubordinate.[107] [108] [ further explanation needed ]

This psychoanalytic model is based upon revisions of Freud's description of the normally neurotic family using the analogy of the story of Oedipus.[109] [110] Those who fall outside the Oedipal triad of mother/male parent/child are less subject to male authority.[111]

The operations of power in such cases are usually enacted unconsciously. All are subject, even fathers are bound past its strictures.[112] It is represented in unspoken traditions and conventions performed in everyday behaviors, customs, and habits.[106] The triangular human relationship of a father, a mother and an inheriting eldest son frequently class the dynamic and emotional narratives of popular culture and are enacted performatively in rituals of courtship and marriage.[113] They provide conceptual models for organising power relations in spheres that take goose egg to practice with the family, for example, politics and business.[114] [115] [116]

Arguing from this standpoint, radical feminist Shulamith Firestone wrote in her 1970 The Dialectic of Sex:

Marx was on to something more profound than he knew when he observed that the family independent within itself in embryo all the antagonisms that afterward develop on a wide scale within the society and the state. For unless revolution uproots the basic social organisation, the biological family – the vinculum through which the psychology of power tin can always exist smuggled – the tapeworm of exploitation will never be annihilated.[117]

See also [edit]

Patriarchal models [edit]

  • Biblical patriarchy
  • Chinese patriarchy
  • Pater familias

[edit]

  • Androcentrism
  • Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism
  • Correspondence principle (sociology)
  • Family as a model for the land
  • Family economic science
  • Feminism
  • Gender role
  • Hegemonic masculinity
  • Heteropatriarchy
  • Homemaker
  • Male expendability
  • Masculinity
  • Nature versus nurture
  • Patriarch (disambiguation)
  • Patriarchate
  • Patrilineality
  • Patrilocal residence
  • Phallocentrism
  • Folklore of fatherhood
  • The personal is political
  • Tree of patriarchy
  • Womb envy

[edit]

  • Androcracy
  • Kyriarchy
  • Male privilege
  • Matriarchy

Dissimilarity [edit]

  • Shared earning/shared parenting marriage

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Walby, Sylvia (May 1989). "THEORISING PATRIARCHY". Folklore. 23: 213–234 – via JSTOR. "I shall define patriarchy every bit a system of social structures, and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women." "there are six master patriarchal structures which together constitute a system of patriarchy. These are: a patriarchal style of production in which women'due south labour is expropriated by their husbands; patriarchal relations within waged labour; the patriarchal state; male violence; patriarchal relations in sexuality; and patriarchal civilization."
  2. ^ Lerner, Gerda (1986). The creation of patriarchy. New York: Oxford Academy Press. pp. 238–239. ISBN978-0-19-503996-two. OCLC 13323175. In its narrow pregnant, patriarchy refers to the arrangement, historically derived from Greek and Roman law, in which the male person head of the household had absolute legal and economic ability over his dependent female and male family unit members. "Patriarchy in its wider definition means the manifestation and institutionalization of male authority over women and children in the family and the extension of male dominance over women in society in general."
  3. ^ Hunnicutt, Gwen (1 May 2009). "Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence Against Women: Resurrecting "Patriarchy" as a Theoretical Tool". Violence Against Women. xv (5): 553, 557. doi:10.1177/1077801208331246. ISSN 1077-8012. PMID 19182049. S2CID 206667077. The core concept of patriarchy—systems of male domination and female subordination "Although patriarchy has been variously defined, for purposes of this article, it means social arrangements that privilege males, where men as a grouping dominate women as a grouping, both structurally and ideologically—hierarchical arrangements that manifest in varieties across history and social space."
  4. ^ "The Origins of Patriarchy". July 2021.
  5. ^ Malti-Douglas, Fedwa (2007). Encyclopedia of Sexual activity and Gender. Detroit: Macmillan. ISBN978-0-02-865960-2.
  6. ^ a b c d Lockard, Craig (2015). Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History (3rd ed.). Stamford, Conn.: Cengage Learning. p. 88. ISBN978-1-285-78312-3. Today, as in the past, men generally hold political, economic, and religious ability in nearly societies thanks to patriarchy, a organisation whereby men largely control women and children, shape ideas almost advisable gender beliefs, and generally dominate society.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Bourdieu, Pierre (2001). Masculine domination. Cambridge, U.k.: Polity Press. ISBN978-0-7456-2265-ane.
  • Durham, Meenakshi Grand. (1999). "Articulating boyish girls' resistance to patriarchal soapbox in popular media". Women's Studies in Advice. 22 (2): 210–229. doi:ten.1080/07491409.1999.10162421.
  • Gilligan, Carol (1982). In a dissimilar vocalization: psychological theory and women'southward evolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-44544-4.
:Cited in:
  • Smiley, Marion (2004). "Gender, democratic citizenship v. patriarchy: a feminist perspective on Rawls". Fordham Law Review. 72 (v): 1599–1627.
  • Keith, Thomas (2017). "Patriarchy, Male Privilege, and the Consequences of Living in a Patriarchal Social club". Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture: An Intersectional Approach to the Complexities and Challenges of Male person Identity. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-59534-2.
  • Low-cal, Aimee U. (2005). "Patriarchy". In Boynton, Victoria; Malin, Jo (eds.). Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography, Volume two: K-Z. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. pp. 453–456. ISBN978-0-313-32737-7.
  • Messner, Michael A. (2004). "On patriarchs and losers: rethinking men'south interests". Berkeley Journal of Folklore. 48: 74–88. JSTOR 41035593. Pdf.
  • Mies, Maria (2014). Patriarchy and accumulation on a world scale: women in the international division of labour. London: Zed Books Ltd. ISBN978-ane-78360-169-1.
  • Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). Women's history in global perspective. Vol. 2. Urbana: University of Illinois Printing. ISBN978-0-252-02997-iv.
  • Pilcher, Jane; Wheelan, Imelda (2004). fifty key concepts in gender studies (PDF). London Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. ISBN978-0-7619-7036-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on xxx December 2016.

External links [edit]

marinosithe2001.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy

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